52 DBMS_LOB

Using DBMS_LOB

• Overview

• Security Model

• Constants

• Datatypes

• Rules and Limits

• Operational Notes

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Overview

DBMS_LOB can read and modify BLOBs, CLOBs, and NCLOBs; it provides read-only operations for BFILEs. The bulk of the LOB operations are provided by this package.

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Security Model

This package must be created under SYS. Operations provided by this package are performed under the current calling user, not under the package owner SYS.

Any DBMS_LOB subprogram called from an anonymous PL/SQL block is executed using the privileges of the current user. Any DBMS_LOB subprogram called from a stored procedure is executed using the privileges of the owner of the stored procedure.

When creating the procedure, users can set the AUTHID to indicate whether they want definer's rights or invoker's rights. For example:

CREATE PROCEDURE proc1 authid definer ...
 

or

CREATE PROCEDURE proc1 authid current_user ...

You can provide secure access to BFILEs using the DIRECTORY feature discussed in BFILENAME function in the Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects and the Oracle Database SQL Reference.

For information about the security model pertaining to temporary LOBs, see Operational Notes.

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Constants

DBMS_LOB defines the following constants:

file_readonly CONSTANT BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
lob_readonly  CONSTANT BINARY_INTEGER := 0;
lob_readwrite CONSTANT BINARY_INTEGER := 1;
lobmaxsize    CONSTANT INTEGER        := 18446744073709551615;
call          CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER    := 12;
session       CONSTANT PLS_INTEGER    := 10;

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Datatypes

The DBMS_LOB package uses the datatypes shown in Table 52-1.

The DBMS_LOB package defines no special types.

An NCLOB is a CLOB for holding fixed-width and varying-width, multibyte national character sets.

The clause ANY_CS in the specification of DBMS_LOB subprograms for CLOBs enables the CLOB type to accept a CLOB or NCLOB locator variable as input.

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Rules and Limits

• General Rules and Limits

• Rules and Limits Specific to External Files (BFILEs)

• Maximum LOB Size

• Maximum Buffer Size

General Rules and Limits

• The following rules apply in the specification of subprograms in this package:

  • length, offset, and amount parameters for subprograms operating on BLOBs and BFILEs must be specified in terms of bytes.

  • length, offset, and amount parameters for subprograms operating on CLOBs must be specified in terms of characters.

• A subprogram raises an INVALID_ARGVAL exception if the following restrictions are not followed in specifying values for parameters (unless otherwise specified):

  1. Only positive, absolute offsets from the beginning of LOB data are permitted: Negative offsets from the tail of the LOB are not permitted.

  2. Only positive, nonzero values are permitted for the parameters that represent size and positional quantities, such as amount, offset, newlen, nth, and so on. Negative offsets and ranges observed in SQL string functions and operators are not permitted.

  3. The value of offset, amount, newlen, nth must not exceed the value lobmaxsize (4GB-1) in any DBMS_LOB subprogram.

  4. For CLOBs consisting of fixed-width multibyte characters, the maximum value for these parameters must not exceed (lobmaxsize/character_width_in_bytes) characters.

     For example, if the CLOB consists of 2-byte characters, such as:

     JA16SJISFIXED
     
     

     Then, the maximum amount value should not exceed:

     4294967295/2 = 2147483647 characters.
     
     

• PL/SQL language specifications stipulate an upper limit of 32767 bytes (not characters) for RAW and VARCHAR2 parameters used in DBMS_LOB subprograms. For example, if you declare a variable to be:

  charbuf VARCHAR2(3000)
  
  

  Then, charbuf can hold 3000 single byte characters or 1500 2-byte fixed width characters. This has an important consequence for DBMS_LOB subprograms for CLOBs and NCLOBs.

• The %CHARSET clause indicates that the form of the parameter with %CHARSET must match the form of the ANY_CS parameter to which it refers.

  For example, in DBMS_LOB subprograms that take a VARCHAR2 buffer parameter, the form of the VARCHAR2 buffer must match the form of the CLOB parameter. If the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

  For DBMS_LOB subprograms that take two CLOB parameters, both CLOB parameters must have the same form; that is, they must both be NCLOBs, or they must both be CLOBs.

• If the value of amount plus the offset exceeds the maximum LOB size allowed by the database, then access exceptions are raised.

  Under these input conditions, read subprograms, such as READ, COMPARE, INSTR, and SUBSTR, read until End of Lob/File is reached. For example, for a READ operation on a BLOB or BFILE, if the user specifies offset value of 3 GB and an amount value of 2 GB, then READ reads only ((4GB-1)-3GB) bytes.

• Functions with NULL or invalid input values for parameters return a NULL. Procedures with NULL values for destination LOB parameters raise exceptions.

• Operations involving patterns as parameters, such as COMPARE, INSTR, and SUBSTR do not support regular expressions or special matching characters (such as % in the LIKE operator in SQL) in the pattern parameter or substrings.

• The End Of LOB condition is indicated by the READ procedure using a NO_DATA_FOUND exception. This exception is raised only upon an attempt by the user to read beyond the end of the LOB. The READ buffer for the last read contains 0 bytes.

• For consistent LOB updates, you must lock the row containing the destination LOB before making a call to any of the procedures (mutators) that modify LOB data.

• Unless otherwise stated, the default value for an offset parameter is 1, which indicates the first byte in the BLOB or BFILE data, and the first character in the CLOB or NCLOB value. No default values are specified for the amount parameter — you must input the values explicitly.

• You must lock the row containing the destination internal LOB before calling any subprograms that modify the LOB, such as APPEND, COPY, ERASE, TRIM, or WRITE. These subprograms do not implicitly lock the row containing the LOB.

Rules and Limits Specific to External Files (BFILEs)

• The subprograms COMPARE, INSTR, READ, SUBSTR, FILECLOSE, FILECLOSEALL and LOADFROMFILE operate only on an opened BFILE locator; that is, a successful FILEOPEN call must precede a call to any of these subprograms.

• For the functions FILEEXISTS, FILEGETNAME and GETLENGTH, a file's open/close status is unimportant; however, the file must exist physically, and you must have adequate privileges on the DIRECTORY object and the file.

• DBMS_LOB does not support any concurrency control mechanism for BFILE operations.

• In the event of several open files in the session whose closure has not been handled properly, you can use the FILECLOSEALL subprogram to close all files opened in the session and resume file operations from the beginning.

• If you are the creator of a DIRECTORY, or if you have system privileges, then use the CREATE OR REPLACE, DROP, and REVOKE statements in SQL with extreme caution.

  If you, or other grantees of a particular directory object, have several open files in a session, then any of the preceding commands can adversely affect file operations. In the event of such abnormal termination, your only choice is to invoke a program or anonymous block that calls FILECLOSEALL, reopen your files, and restart your file operations.

• All files opened during a user session are implicitly closed at the end of the session. However, Oracle strongly recommends that you close the files after both normal and abnormal termination of operations on the BFILE.

  In the event of normal program termination, proper file closure ensures that the number of files that are open simultaneously in the session remains less than SESSION_MAX_OPEN_FILES.

  In the event of abnormal program termination from a PL/SQL program, it is imperative that you provide an exception handler that ensures closure of all files opened in that PL/SQL program. This is necessary because after an exception occurs, only the exception handler has access to the BFILE variable in its most current state.

  After the exception transfers program control outside the PL/SQL program block, all references to the open BFILEs are lost. The result is a larger open file count which may or may not exceed the SESSION_MAX_OPEN_FILES value.

  For example, consider a READ operation past the end of the BFILE value, which generates a NO_DATA_FOUND exception:

  DECLARE 
         fil BFILE; 
         pos INTEGER; 
         amt BINARY_INTEGER; 
         buf RAW(40); 
  BEGIN 
         SELECT ad_graphic INTO fil FROM print_media WHERE product_id = 3106; 
         dbms_lob.open(fil, dbms_lob.lob_readonly);   
         amt := 40; pos := 1 + dbms_lob.getlength(fil); buf := ''; 
         dbms_lob.read(fil, amt, pos, buf); 
         dbms_output.put_line('Read F1 past EOF: '|| 
             utl_raw.cast_to_varchar2(buf));
         dbms_lob.close(fil); 
  END;
        
  ORA-01403: no data found 
  ORA-06512: at "SYS.DBMS_LOB", line 373 
  ORA-06512: at line 10 
  
  

  After the exception has occurred, the BFILE locator variable file goes out of scope, and no further operations on the file can be done using that variable. Therefore, the solution is to use an exception handler:

  DECLARE
       fil BFILE; 
       pos INTEGER;
       amt BINARY_INTEGER; 
       buf RAW(40); 
  BEGIN 
       SELECT ad_graphic INTO fil FROM print_media WHERE product_id = 3106;
       dbms_lob.open(fil, dbms_lob.lob_readonly);   
       amt := 40; pos := 1 + dbms_lob.getlength(fil); buf := ''; 
       dbms_lob.read(fil, amt, pos, buf); 
       dbms_output.put_line('Read F1 past EOF: '|| 
            utl_raw.cast_to_varchar2(buf)); 
       dbms_lob.close(fil); 
       exception 
       WHEN no_data_found 
       THEN 
         BEGIN 
           dbms_output.put_line('End of File reached. Closing file'); 
           dbms_lob.fileclose(fil); 
           -- or dbms_lob.filecloseall if appropriate 
         END; 
  END; 
       / 
  
  Statement processed. 
  End of File reached. Closing file
  

In general, you should ensure that files opened in a PL/SQL block using DBMS_LOB are closed before normal or abnormal termination of the block.

Maximum LOB Size

The maximum size of a LOB supported by the database is equal to the value of the db_block_size initialization parameter times the value 4294967295. This allows for a maximum LOB size ranging from 8 terabytes to 128 terabytes.

Maximum Buffer Size

The maximum buffer size, 32767 bytes, is represented by maxbufsize.

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Operational Notes

All DBMS_LOB subprograms work based on LOB locators. For the successful completion of DBMS_LOB subprograms, you must provide an input locator that represents a LOB that already exists in the database tablespaces or external file system. See also Chapter 1 of Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects.

To use LOBs in your database, you must first use SQL data definition language (DDL) to define the tables that contain LOB columns.

• Internal LOBs

• External LOBs

• Temporary LOBs

Internal LOBs

To populate your table with internal LOBs after LOB columns are defined in a table, you use the SQL data manipulation language (DML) to initialize or populate the locators in the LOB columns.

External LOBs

For an external LOB (BFILE) to be represented by a LOB locator, you must:

• Ensure that a DIRECTORY object representing a valid, existing physical directory has been defined, and that physical files (the LOBs you plan to add) exist with read permission for the database. If your operating system uses case-sensitive path names, then be sure you specify the directory in the correct format.

• Pass the DIRECTORY object and the filename of the external LOB you are adding to the BFILENAME function to create a LOB locator for your external LOB.

Once you have completed these tasks, you can insert or update a row containing a LOB column using the given LOB locator.

After the LOBs are defined and created, you can then SELECT from a LOB locator into a local PL/SQL LOB variable and use this variable as an input parameter to DBMS_LOB for access to the LOB value.

For details on the different ways to do this, you must refer to the section of the Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects that describes "Accessing External LOBs (BFILEs)."

Temporary LOBs

The database supports the definition, creation, deletion, access, and update of temporary LOBs. Your temporary tablespace stores the temporary LOB data. Temporary LOBs are not permanently stored in the database. Their purpose is mainly to perform transformations on LOB data.

For temporary LOBs, you must use the OCI, PL/SQL, or another programmatic interface to create or manipulate them. Temporary LOBs can be either BLOBs, CLOBs, or NCLOBs.

A temporary LOB is empty when it is created. By default, all temporary LOBs are deleted at the end of the session in which they were created. If a process dies unexpectedly or if the database crashes, then temporary LOBs are deleted, and the space for temporary LOBs is freed.

There is also an interface to let you group temporary LOBs together into a logical bucket. The duration represents this logical store for temporary LOBs. Each temporary LOB can have separate storage characteristics, such as CACHE/ NOCACHE. There is a default store for every session into which temporary LOBs are placed if you don't specify a specific duration. Additionally, you are able to perform a free operation on durations, which causes all contents in a duration to be freed.

There is no support for consistent read (CR), undo, backup, parallel processing, or transaction management for temporary LOBs. Because CR and rollbacks are not supported for temporary LOBs, you must free the temporary LOB and start over again if you encounter an error.

Because CR, undo, and versions are not generated for temporary LOBs, there is potentially a performance impact if you assign multiple locators to the same temporary LOB. Semantically, each locator should have its own copy of the temporary LOB.

A copy of a temporary LOB is created if the user modifies the temporary LOB while another locator is also pointing to it. The locator on which a modification was performed now points to a new copy of the temporary LOB. Other locators no longer see the same data as the locator through which the modification was made. A deep copy was not incurred by permanent LOBs in these types of situations, because CR snapshots and version pages enable users to see their own versions of the LOB cheaply.

You can gain pseudo-REF semantics by using pointers to locators in OCI and by having multiple pointers to locators point to the same temporary LOB locator, if necessary. In PL/SQL, you must avoid using more than one locator for each temporary LOB. The temporary LOB locator can be passed by reference to other procedures.

Because temporary LOBs are not associated with any table schema, there are no meanings to the terms in-row and out-of-row temporary LOBs. Creation of a temporary LOB instance by a user causes the engine to create and return a locator to the LOB data. The PL/SQL DBMS_LOB package, PRO*C, OCI, and other programmatic interfaces operate on temporary LOBs through these locators just as they do for permanent LOBs.

There is no support for client side temporary LOBs. All temporary LOBs reside in the server.

Temporary LOBs do not support the EMPTY_BLOB or EMPTY_CLOB functions that are supported for permanent LOBs. The EMPTY_BLOB function specifies the fact that the LOB is initialized, but not populated with any data.

A temporary LOB instance can only be destroyed by using OCI or the DBMS_LOB package by using the appropriate FREETEMPORARY or OCIDurationEnd statement.

A temporary LOB instance can be accessed and modified using appropriate OCI and DBMS_LOB statements, just as for regular permanent internal LOBs. To make a temporary LOB permanent, you must explicitly use the OCI or DBMS_LOB COPY command, and copy the temporary LOB into a permanent one.

Security is provided through the LOB locator. Only the user who created the temporary LOB is able to see it. Locators are not expected to be able to pass from one user's session to another. Even if someone did pass a locator from one session to another, they would not access the temporary LOBs from the original session. Temporary LOB lookup is localized to each user's own session. Someone using a locator from somewhere else is only able to access LOBs within his own session that have the same LOB ID. Users should not try to do this, but if they do, they are not able to affect anyone else's data.

The database keeps track of temporary LOBs for each session in a v$ view called V$TEMPORARY_LOBS, which contains information about how many temporary LOBs exist for each session. V$ views are for DBA use. From the session, the database can determine which user owns the temporary LOBs. By using V$TEMPORARY_LOBS in conjunction with DBA_SEGMENTS, a DBA can see how much space is being used by a session for temporary LOBs. These tables can be used by DBAs to monitor and guide any emergency cleanup of temporary space used by temporary LOBs.

The following notes are specific to temporary LOBs:

1. All functions in DBMS_LOB return NULL if any of the input parameters are NULL. All procedures in DBMS_LOB raise an exception if the LOB locator is input as NULL.

2. Operations based on CLOBs do not verify if the character set IDs of the parameters (CLOB parameters, VARCHAR2 buffers and patterns, and so on) match. It is the user's responsibility to ensure this.

3. Data storage resources are controlled by the DBA by creating different temporary tablespaces. DBAs can define separate temporary tablespaces for different users, if necessary.

4. Temporary LOBs still adhere to value semantics in order to be consistent with permanent LOBs and to try to conform to the ANSI standard for LOBs. As a result, each time a user does an OCILobLocatatorAssign, or the equivalent assignment in PL/SQL, the database makes a copy of the temporary LOB.

   Each locator points to its own LOB value. If one locator is used to create a temporary LOB, and then is assigned to another LOB locator using OCILobLOcatorAssign in OCI or through an assignment operation in PL/SQL, then the database copies the original temporary LOB and causes the second locator to point to the copy.

   In order for users to modify the same LOB, they must go through the same locator. In OCI, this can be accomplished fairly easily by using pointers to locators and assigning the pointers to point to the same locator. In PL/SQL, the same LOB variable must be used to update the LOB to get this effect.

   The following example shows a place where a user incurs a copy, or at least an extra round-trip to the server.

   DECLARE 
     a blob; 
     b blob; 
   BEGIN 
     dbms_lob.createtemporary(b, TRUE); 
     -- the following assignment results in a deep copy 
     a := b; 
   END; 
    
   

   The PL/SQL compiler makes temporary copies of actual arguments bound to OUT or IN OUT parameters. If the actual parameter is a temporary LOB, then the temporary copy is a deep (value) copy.

   The following PL/SQL block illustrates the case where the user incurs a deep copy by passing a temporary LOB as an IN OUT parameter.

   DECLARE 
     a blob; 
     procedure foo(parm IN OUT blob) is 
     BEGIN 
      ... 
     END; 
   BEGIN 
     dbms_lob.createtemporary(a, TRUE); 
     -- the following call results in a deep copy of the blob a 
     foo(a); 
   END; 
    
   

   To minimize deep copies on PL/SQL parameter passing, use the NOCOPY compiler hint where possible.

   The duration parameter passed to dbms_lob.createtemporary() is a hint. The duration of the new temp LOB is the same as the duration of the locator variable in PL/SQL. For example, in the preceding program block, the program variable a has the duration of the residing frame. Therefore at the end of the block, memory of a will be freed at the end of the function.

   If a PL/SQL package variable is used to create a temp LOB, it will have the duration of the package variable, which has a duration of SESSION.

   BEGIN 
      y clob; 
     END; 
   /
   BEGIN 
      dbms_lob.createtemporary(package.y, TRUE); 
   END; 
   

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Exceptions

Summary of DBMS_LOB Subprograms

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APPEND Procedures

This procedure appends the contents of a source internal LOB to a destination LOB. It appends the complete source LOB.

There are two overloaded APPEND procedures.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.APPEND (
   dest_lob IN OUT  NOCOPY BLOB, 
   src_lob  IN             BLOB); 

DBMS_LOB.APPEND (
   dest_lob IN OUT  NOCOPY CLOB  CHARACTER SET ANY_CS, 
   src_lob  IN             CLOB  CHARACTER SET dest_lob%CHARSET);

Parameters

Exceptions

Usage Notes

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

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CLOSE Procedure

This procedure closes a previously opened internal or external LOB.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.CLOSE (
   lob_loc    IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB); 

DBMS_LOB.CLOSE (
   lob_loc    IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS); 

DBMS_LOB.CLOSE (
   file_loc   IN OUT NOCOPY BFILE); 

Parameters

Exceptions

No error is returned if the BFILE exists but is not opened. An error is returned if the LOB is not open.

Usage Notes

CLOSE requires a round-trip to the server for both internal and external LOBs. For internal LOBs, CLOSE triggers other code that relies on the close call, and for external LOBs (BFILEs), CLOSE actually closes the server-side operating system file.

It is not mandatory that you wrap all LOB operations inside the Open/Close APIs. However, if you open a LOB, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction; an error is produced if you do not. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

It is an error to commit the transaction before closing all opened LOBs that were opened by the transaction. When the error is returned, the openness of the open LOBs is discarded, but the transaction is successfully committed. Hence, all the changes made to the LOB and non-LOB data in the transaction are committed, but the domain and function-based indexes are not updated. If this happens, you should rebuild the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

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COMPARE Functions

This function compares two entire LOBs or parts of two LOBs.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.COMPARE (
   lob_1            IN BLOB,
   lob_2            IN BLOB,
   amount           IN INTEGER := 4294967295,
   offset_1         IN INTEGER := 1,
   offset_2         IN INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER;

DBMS_LOB.COMPARE (
   lob_1            IN CLOB  CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   lob_2            IN CLOB  CHARACTER SET lob_1%CHARSET,
   amount           IN INTEGER := 4294967295,
   offset_1         IN INTEGER := 1,
   offset_2         IN INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER; 

DBMS_LOB.COMPARE (
   lob_1            IN BFILE,
   lob_2            IN BFILE,
   amount           IN INTEGER,
   offset_1         IN INTEGER := 1,
   offset_2         IN INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER;

Pragmas

pragma restrict_references(COMPARE, WNDS, WNPS, RNDS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

• INTEGER: Zero if the comparison succeeds, nonzero if not.

• NULL, if

  • amount < 1

  • amount > LOBMAXSIZE

  • offset_1 or offset_2 < 1

    • offset_1 or offset_2 > LOBMAXSIZE

Usage Notes

You can only compare LOBs of the same datatype (LOBs of BLOB type with other BLOBs, and CLOBs with CLOBs, and BFILEs with BFILEs). For BFILEs, the file must be already opened using a successful FILEOPEN operation for this operation to succeed.

COMPARE returns zero if the data exactly matches over the range specified by the offset and amount parameters. Otherwise, a nonzero INTEGER is returned.

For fixed-width n-byte CLOBs, if the input amount for COMPARE is specified to be greater than (4294967295/n), then COMPARE matches characters in a range of size (4294967295/n), or Max(length(clob1), length(clob2)), whichever is lesser.

Exceptions

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CONVERTTOBLOB Procedure

This procedure reads character data from a source CLOB or NCLOB instance, converts the character data to the character set you specify, writes the converted data to a destination BLOB instance in binary format, and returns the new offsets. You can use this interface with any combination of persistent or temporary LOB instances as the source or destination.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.CONVERTTOBLOB(
  dest_lob       IN OUT     NOCOPY  BLOB,
  src_clob       IN         CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
  amount         IN         INTEGER,
  dest_offset    IN OUT     INTEGER,
  src_offset     IN OUT     INTEGER, 
  blob_csid      IN         NUMBER,
  lang_context   IN OUT     INTEGER,
  warning        OUT        INTEGER); 

Parameters

Usage Notes

Preconditions

Before calling the CONVERTTOBLOB procedure, the following preconditions must be met:

• Both the source and destination LOB instances must exist.

• If the destination LOB is a persistent LOB, the row must be locked. To lock the row, select the LOB using the FOR UPDATE clause of the SELECT statement.

Constants and Defaults

All parameters are required. You must pass a variable for each OUT or IN OUT parameter. You must pass either a variable or a value for each IN parameter.

Table 52-10 gives a summary of typical values for each parameter. The first column lists the parameter, the second column lists the typical value, and the last column describes the result of passing the value. Note that constants are used for some values. These constants are defined in the dbmslob.sql package specification file.

General Notes

You must specify the desired character set for the destination LOB in the blob_csid parameter. You can pass a zero value for blob_csid. When you do so, the database assumes that the desired character set is the same as the source LOB character set, and performs a binary copy of the data—no character set conversion is performed.

You must specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes to copy from the source LOB. The amount and src_offset values are in characters and the dest_offset is in bytes. To convert the entire LOB, you can specify LOBMAXSIZE for the amount parameter.

Exceptions

Table 52-11 gives possible exceptions this procedure can throw. The first column lists the exception string and the second column describes the error conditions that can cause the exception.

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CONVERTTOCLOB Procedure

This procedure takes a source BLOB instance, converts the binary data in the source instance to character data using the character set you specify, writes the character data to a destination CLOB or NCLOB instance, and returns the new offsets. You can use this interface with any combination of persistent or temporary LOB instances as the source or destination.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.CONVERTTOCLOB(
   dest_lob       IN OUT NOCOPY  CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   src_blob       IN             BLOB,
   amount         IN             INTEGER,
   dest_offset    IN OUT         INTEGER,
   src_offset     IN OUT         INTEGER, 
   blob_csid      IN             NUMBER,
   lang_context   IN OUT         INTEGER,
   warning        OUT            INTEGER);

Parameters

Usage Notes

Preconditions

Before calling the CONVERTTOCLOB procedure, the following preconditions must be met:

• Both the source and destination LOB instances must exist.

• If the destination LOB is a persistent LOB, the row must be locked before calling the CONVERTTOCLOB procedure. To lock the row, select the LOB using the FOR UPDATE clause of the SELECT statement.

Constants and Defaults

All parameters are required. You must pass a variable for each OUT or IN OUT parameter. You must pass either a variable or a value for each IN parameter.

Table 52-13 gives a summary of typical values for each parameter. The first column lists the parameter, the second column lists the typical value, and the last column describes the result of passing the value. Note that constants are used for some values. These constants are defined in the dbmslob.sql package specification file.

General Notes

You must specify the desired character set for the destination LOB in the blob_csid parameter. You can pass a zero value for blob_csid. When you do so, the database assumes that the BLOB contains character data in the same character set as the destination CLOB, and performs a binary copy of the data to the destination LOB, no character set conversion being performed.

You must specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes to copy from the source BLOB. The amount and src_offset values are in bytes and the dest_offset is in characters. To convert the entire BLOB, you can specify LOBMAXSIZE for the amount parameter.

Exceptions

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COPY Procedures

This procedure copies all, or a part of, a source internal LOB to a destination internal LOB. You can specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes or characters to copy.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.COPY (
  dest_lob    IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB,
  src_lob     IN            BLOB,
  amount      IN            INTEGER,
  dest_offset IN            INTEGER := 1,
  src_offset  IN            INTEGER := 1);

DBMS_LOB.COPY ( 
  dest_lob    IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB  CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
  src_lob     IN            CLOB  CHARACTER SET dest_lob%CHARSET,
  amount      IN            INTEGER,
  dest_offset IN            INTEGER := 1,
  src_offset  IN            INTEGER := 1);

Parameters

Exceptions

Usage Notes

If the offset you specify in the destination LOB is beyond the end of the data currently in this LOB, then zero-byte fillers or spaces are inserted in the destination BLOB or CLOB respectively. If the offset is less than the current length of the destination LOB, then existing data is overwritten.

It is not an error to specify an amount that exceeds the length of the data in the source LOB. Thus, you can specify a large amount to copy from the source LOB, which copies data from the src_offset to the end of the source LOB.

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

---

CREATETEMPORARY Procedures

This procedure creates a temporary BLOB or CLOB and its corresponding index in your default temporary tablespace.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.CREATETEMPORARY (
   lob_loc IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB,
   cache   IN            BOOLEAN,
   dur     IN            PLS_INTEGER := 10);
  
DBMS_LOB.CREATETEMPORARY (
   lob_loc IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   cache   IN            BOOLEAN,
   dur     IN            PLS_INTEGER := 10);

Parameters

---

ERASE Procedures

This procedure erases an entire internal LOB or part of an internal LOB.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.ERASE (
   lob_loc           IN OUT   NOCOPY   BLOB,
   amount            IN OUT   NOCOPY   INTEGER,
   offset            IN                INTEGER := 1);

DBMS_LOB.ERASE (
   lob_loc           IN OUT   NOCOPY   CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   amount            IN OUT   NOCOPY   INTEGER,
   offset            IN                INTEGER := 1);

Parameters

Usage Notes

When data is erased from the middle of a LOB, zero-byte fillers or spaces are written for BLOBs or CLOBs respectively.

The actual number of bytes or characters erased can differ from the number you specified in the amount parameter if the end of the LOB value is reached before erasing the specified number. The actual number of characters or bytes erased is returned in the amount parameter.

Exceptions

Usage Notes

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

---

FILECLOSE Procedure

This procedure closes a BFILE that has already been opened through the input locator.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILECLOSE (
    file_loc IN OUT NOCOPY BFILE); 

Parameters

Exceptions

---

FILECLOSEALL Procedure

This procedure closes all BFILEs opened in the session.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILECLOSEALL; 

Exceptions

---

FILEEXISTS Function

This function finds out if a given BFILE locator points to a file that actually exists on the server's file system.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILEEXISTS (
   file_loc     IN    BFILE)
  RETURN INTEGER; 

Pragmas

pragma restrict_references(FILEEXISTS, WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

Exceptions

---

FILEGETNAME Procedure

This procedure determines the directory object and filename, given a BFILE locator. This function only indicates the directory object name and filename assigned to the locator, not if the physical file or directory actually exists.

The maximum constraint values for the dir_alias buffer is 30, and for the entire path name, it is 2000.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILEGETNAME (
   file_loc   IN    BFILE, 
   dir_alias  OUT   VARCHAR2,
   filename   OUT   VARCHAR2); 

Parameters

Exceptions

---

FILEISOPEN Function

This function finds out whether a BFILE was opened with the given FILE locator.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILEISOPEN (
   file_loc   IN    BFILE)
  RETURN INTEGER; 

Pragmas

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(fileisopen, WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

INTEGER: 0 = file is not open, 1 = file is open

Usage Notes

If the input FILE locator was never passed to the FILEOPEN procedure, then the file is considered not to be opened by this locator. However, a different locator may have this file open. In other words, openness is associated with a specific locator.

Exceptions

---

FILEOPEN Procedure

This procedure opens a BFILE for read-only access. BFILE data may not be written through the database.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FILEOPEN (
   file_loc   IN OUT NOCOPY  BFILE, 
   open_mode  IN             BINARY_INTEGER := file_readonly); 

Parameters

Exceptions

---

FREETEMPORARY Procedures

This procedure frees the temporary BLOB or CLOB in your default temporary tablespace.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.FREETEMPORARY (
   lob_loc  IN OUT  NOCOPY BLOB); 

DBMS_LOB.FREETEMPORARY (
   lob_loc  IN OUT  NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS); 

Parameters

Usage Notes

After the call to FREETEMPORARY, the LOB locator that was freed is marked as invalid.

If an invalid LOB locator is assigned to another LOB locator using OCILobLocatorAssign in OCI or through an assignment operation in PL/SQL, then the target of the assignment is also freed and marked as invalid.

---

GET_STORAGE_LIMIT

The DBMS_LOB.GET_STORAGE_LIMIT function returns the LOB storage limit for your database configuration. The DBMS_LOB package supports LOB instances up to this storage limit in size.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.GET_STORAGE_LIMIT
  RETURN INTEGER; 

Return Value

The value returned from this function is the maximum allowable size for LOB instances for your database configuration. The return value depends on your DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter setting and is calculated as (4 gigabytes minus 1) times the value of the DB_BLOCK_SIZE initialization parameter.

Usage

Note that BLOB instances are sized in bytes while CLOB and NCLOB instances are sized in characters.

---

GETCHUNKSIZE Functions

When creating the table, you can specify the chunking factor, which can be a multiple of database blocks. This corresponds to the chunk size used by the LOB data layer when accessing or modifying the LOB value. Part of the chunk is used to store system-related information, and the rest stores the LOB value.

This function returns the amount of space used in the LOB chunk to store the LOB value.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE (
   lob_loc IN BLOB) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

DBMS_LOB.GETCHUNKSIZE (
   lob_loc IN CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

Pragmas

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(getchunksize, WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS); 

Parameters

Return Values

The value returned for BLOBs is in terms of bytes. The value returned for CLOBs is in terms of characters.

Usage Notes

Performance is improved if you enter read/write requests using a multiple of this chunk size. For writes, there is an added benefit, because LOB chunks are versioned, and if all writes are done on a chunk basis, then no extra or excess versioning is done or duplicated. You could batch up the WRITE until you have enough for a chunk, instead of issuing several WRITE calls for the same chunk.

---

GETLENGTH Functions

This function gets the length of the specified LOB. The length in bytes or characters is returned.

The length returned for a BFILE includes the EOF, if it exists. Any 0-byte or space filler in the LOB caused by previous ERASE or WRITE operations is also included in the length count. The length of an empty internal LOB is 0.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH (
   lob_loc    IN  BLOB) 
  RETURN INTEGER;
 
DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH (
   lob_loc    IN  CLOB   CHARACTER SET ANY_CS) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

DBMS_LOB.GETLENGTH (
   file_loc    IN  BFILE) 
  RETURN INTEGER;

Pragmas

pragma restrict_references(GETLENGTH, WNDS, WNPS, RNDS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

The length of the LOB in bytes or characters as an INTEGER. NULL is returned if the input LOB is NULL or if the input lob_loc is NULL. An error is returned in the following cases for BFILEs:

• lob_loc does not have the necessary directory and operating system privileges

• lob_loc cannot be read because of an operating system read error

  See Also:

  Oracle Database Application Developer's Guide - Large Objects for additional details on usage of this procedure

---

INSTR Functions

This function returns the matching position of the nth occurrence of the pattern in the LOB, starting from the offset you specify.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.INSTR (
   lob_loc    IN   BLOB,
   pattern    IN   RAW,
   offset     IN   INTEGER := 1,
   nth        IN   INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER;

DBMS_LOB.INSTR (
   lob_loc    IN   CLOB      CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   pattern    IN   VARCHAR2  CHARACTER SET lob_loc%CHARSET,
   offset     IN   INTEGER := 1,
   nth        IN   INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER;

DBMS_LOB.INSTR (
   file_loc   IN   BFILE,
   pattern    IN   RAW,
   offset     IN   INTEGER := 1,
   nth        IN   INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN INTEGER;

Pragmas

pragma restrict_references(INSTR, WNDS, WNPS, RNDS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

Usage Notes

The form of the VARCHAR2 buffer (the pattern parameter) must match the form of the CLOB parameter. In other words, if the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

For BFILEs, the file must be already opened using a successful FILEOPEN operation for this operation to succeed.

Operations that accept RAW or VARCHAR2 parameters for pattern matching, such as INSTR, do not support regular expressions or special matching characters (as in the case of SQL LIKE) in the pattern parameter or substrings.

Exceptions

---

ISOPEN Functions

This function checks to see if the LOB was already opened using the input locator. This subprogram is for internal and external LOBs.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.ISOPEN (
   lob_loc IN BLOB) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

DBMS_LOB.ISOPEN (
   lob_loc IN CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

DBMS_LOB.ISOPEN (
   file_loc IN BFILE) 
  RETURN INTEGER; 

Pragmas

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(isopen, WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS); 

Parameters

Usage Notes

For BFILES, openness is associated with the locator. If the input locator was never passed to OPEN, the BFILE is not considered to be opened by this locator. However, a different locator may have opened the BFILE. More than one OPEN can be performed on the same BFILE using different locators.

For internal LOBs, openness is associated with the LOB, not with the locator. If locator1 opened the LOB, then locator2 also sees the LOB as open. For internal LOBs, ISOPEN requires a round-trip, because it checks the state on the server to see if the LOB is indeed open.

For external LOBs (BFILEs), ISOPEN also requires a round-trip, because that's where the state is kept.

---

ISTEMPORARY Functions

This function determines whether a LOB instance is temporary.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.ISTEMPORARY (
   lob_loc IN BLOB)
  RETURN INTEGER;
 
DBMS_LOB.ISTEMPORARY (
   lob_loc IN CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS)
  RETURN INTEGER;

Pragmas

PRAGMA RESTRICT_REFERENCES(istemporary, WNDS, RNDS, WNPS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

This function returns TRUE in temporary if the locator is pointing to a temporary LOB. It returns FALSE otherwise.

---

LOADBLOBFROMFILE Procedure

This procedure loads data from BFILE to internal BLOB. This achieves the same outcome as LOADFROMFILE, and returns the new offsets.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.LOADBLOBFROMFILE (
   dest_lob    IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB, 
   src_bfile   IN            BFILE, 
   amount      IN            INTEGER, 
   dest_offset IN OUT        INTEGER, 
   src_offset  IN OUT        INTEGER);

Parameters

Usage Notes

You can specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes to copy from the source BFILE. The amount and src_offset, because they refer to the BFILE, are in terms of bytes, and the dest_offset is in bytes for BLOBs.

If the offset you specify in the destination LOB is beyond the end of the data currently in this LOB, then zero-byte fillers or spaces are inserted in the destination BLOB. If the offset is less than the current length of the destination LOB, then existing data is overwritten.

There is an error if the input amount plus offset exceeds the length of the data in the BFILE (unless the amount specified is LOBMAXSIZE which you can specify to continue loading until the end of the BFILE is reached).

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the OPEN/CLOSE operations. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the OPEN/CLOSE, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

Constants and Defaults

There is no easy way to omit parameters. You must either declare a variable for IN/OUT parameter or provide a default value for the IN parameter. Here is a summary of the constants and the defaults that can be used.

Constants defined in DBMSLOB.SQL

lobmaxsize                    CONSTANT INTEGER        := 4294967295;

Exceptions

---

LOADCLOBFROMFILE Procedure

This procedure loads data from a BFILE to an internal CLOB/NCLOB with necessary character set conversion and returns the new offsets.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.LOADCLOBFROMFILE (
   dest_lob       IN OUT NOCOPY   BLOB, 
   src_bfile      IN              BFILE, 
   amount         IN              INTEGER, 
   dest_offset    IN OUT          INTEGER, 
   src_offset     IN OUT          INTEGER,
   bfile_csid     IN              NUMBER,
   lang_context   IN OUT          INTEGER,
   warning        OUT             INTEGER);

Parameters

Usage Notes

You can specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes to copy from the source BFILE. The amount and src_offset, because they refer to the BFILE, are in terms of bytes, and the dest_offset is in characters for CLOBs.

If the offset you specify in the destination LOB is beyond the end of the data currently in this LOB, then zero-byte fillers or spaces are inserted in the destination CLOB. If the offset is less than the current length of the destination LOB, then existing data is overwritten.

There is an error if the input amount plus offset exceeds the length of the data in the BFILE (unless the amount specified is LOBMAXSIZE which you can specify to continue loading until the end of the BFILE is reached).

Note the following requirements:

• The destination character set is always the same as the database character set in the case of CLOB and national character set in the case of NCLOB.

• csid=0 indicates the default behavior that uses database csid for CLOB and national csid for NCLOB in the place of source csid. Conversion is still necessary if it is of varying width

• It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the OPEN/CLOSE operations. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

  If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the OPEN/CLOSE, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

Constants

Here is a summary of the constants and the suggested values that can be used.

Constants defined in DBMSLOB.SQL

lobmaxsize                    CONSTANT INTEGER        := 18446744073709551615;
warn_inconvertible_char       CONSTANT INTEGER        := 1;
default_csid                  CONSTANT INTEGER        := 0; 
default_lang_ctx              CONSTANT INTEGER        := 0;
no_warning                    CONSTANT INTEGER        := 0;

Exceptions

---

LOADFROMFILE Procedure

This procedure copies all, or a part of, a source external LOB (BFILE) to a destination internal LOB.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.LOADFROMFILE (
   dest_lob    IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB, 
   src_file    IN            BFILE, 
   amount      IN            INTEGER, 
   dest_offset IN            INTEGER  := 1, 
   src_offset  IN            INTEGER  := 1);

Parameters

Usage Notes

You can specify the offsets for both the source and destination LOBs, and the number of bytes to copy from the source BFILE. The amount and src_offset, because they refer to the BFILE, are in terms of bytes, and the dest_offset is either in bytes or characters for BLOBs and CLOBs respectively.

If the offset you specify in the destination LOB is beyond the end of the data currently in this LOB, then zero-byte fillers or spaces are inserted in the destination BLOB or CLOB respectively. If the offset is less than the current length of the destination LOB, then existing data is overwritten.

There is an error if the input amount plus offset exceeds the length of the data in the BFILE.

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

Exceptions

---

OPEN Procedures

This procedure opens a LOB, internal or external, in the indicated mode. Valid modes include read-only, and read/write.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.OPEN (
   lob_loc   IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB,
   open_mode IN            BINARY_INTEGER);
 
DBMS_LOB.OPEN (
   lob_loc   IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   open_mode IN            BINARY_INTEGER);
 
DBMS_LOB.OPEN (
   file_loc  IN OUT NOCOPY BFILE,
   open_mode IN            BINARY_INTEGER := file_readonly);

Parameters

Usage Notes

OPEN requires a round-trip to the server for both internal and external LOBs. For internal LOBs, OPEN triggers other code that relies on the OPEN call. For external LOBs (BFILEs), OPEN requires a round-trip because the actual operating system file on the server side is being opened.

It is not mandatory that you wrap all LOB operations inside the Open/Close APIs. However, if you open a LOB, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction; an error is produced if you do not. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

It is an error to commit the transaction before closing all opened LOBs that were opened by the transaction. When the error is returned, the openness of the open LOBs is discarded, but the transaction is successfully committed. Hence, all the changes made to the LOB and nonLOB data in the transaction are committed, but the domain and function-based indexes are not updated. If this happens, you should rebuild the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

---

READ Procedures

This procedure reads a piece of a LOB, and returns the specified amount into the buffer parameter, starting from an absolute offset from the beginning of the LOB.

The number of bytes or characters actually read is returned in the amount parameter. If the input offset points past the End of LOB, then amount is set to 0, and a NO_DATA_FOUND exception is raised.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.READ (
   lob_loc   IN             BLOB,
   amount    IN OUT  NOCOPY BINARY_INTEGER,
   offset    IN             INTEGER,
   buffer    OUT            RAW);

DBMS_LOB.READ (
   lob_loc   IN             CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   amount    IN OUT  NOCOPY BINARY_INTEGER,
   offset    IN             INTEGER,
   buffer    OUT            VARCHAR2 CHARACTER SET lob_loc%CHARSET); 

DBMS_LOB.READ (
   file_loc   IN              BFILE,
   amount    IN OUT   NOCOPY BINARY_INTEGER,
   offset    IN              INTEGER,
   buffer    OUT             RAW);

Parameters

Exceptions

Table 52-50 lists exceptions that apply to any LOB instance. Table 52-51 lists exceptions that apply only to BFILEs.

Usage Notes

The form of the VARCHAR2 buffer must match the form of the CLOB parameter. In other words, if the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

When calling DBMS_LOB.READ from the client (for example, in a BEGIN/END block from within SQL*Plus), the returned buffer contains data in the client's character set. The database converts the LOB value from the server's character set to the client's character set before it returns the buffer to the user.

---

SUBSTR Functions

This function returns amount bytes or characters of a LOB, starting from an absolute offset from the beginning of the LOB.

For fixed-width n-byte CLOBs, if the input amount for SUBSTR is greater than (32767/n), then SUBSTR returns a character buffer of length (32767/n), or the length of the CLOB, whichever is lesser. For CLOBs in a varying-width character set, n is the maximum byte-width used for characters in the CLOB.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR (
   lob_loc     IN    BLOB,
   amount      IN    INTEGER := 32767,
   offset      IN    INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN RAW;

DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR (
   lob_loc     IN    CLOB   CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   amount      IN    INTEGER := 32767,
   offset      IN    INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN VARCHAR2 CHARACTER SET lob_loc%CHARSET;

DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR (
   file_loc     IN    BFILE,
   amount      IN    INTEGER := 32767,
   offset      IN    INTEGER := 1)
  RETURN RAW;

Pragmas

pragma restrict_references(SUBSTR, WNDS, WNPS, RNDS, RNPS);

Parameters

Return Values

Exceptions

Usage Notes

The form of the VARCHAR2 buffer must match the form of the CLOB parameter. In other words, if the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

When calling DBMS_LOB.SUBSTR from the client (for example, in a BEGIN/END block from within SQL*Plus), the returned buffer contains data in the client's character set. The database converts the LOB value from the server's character set to the client's character set before it returns the buffer to the user.

---

TRIM Procedures

This procedure trims the value of the internal LOB to the length you specify in the newlen parameter. Specify the length in bytes for BLOBs, and specify the length in characters for CLOBs.

If you attempt to TRIM an empty LOB, then nothing occurs, and TRIM returns no error. If the new length that you specify in newlen is greater than the size of the LOB, then an exception is raised.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.TRIM (
   lob_loc        IN OUT  NOCOPY BLOB,
   newlen         IN             INTEGER);

DBMS_LOB.TRIM (
   lob_loc        IN OUT  NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   newlen         IN             INTEGER);

Parameters

Exceptions

Usage Notes

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

---

WRITE Procedures

This procedure writes a specified amount of data into an internal LOB, starting from an absolute offset from the beginning of the LOB. The data is written from the buffer parameter.

WRITE replaces (overwrites) any data that already exists in the LOB at the offset, for the length you specify.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.WRITE (
   lob_loc  IN OUT NOCOPY  BLOB,
   amount   IN             BINARY_INTEGER,
   offset   IN             INTEGER,
   buffer   IN             RAW);

DBMS_LOB.WRITE (
   lob_loc  IN OUT  NOCOPY CLOB   CHARACTER SET ANY_CS,
   amount   IN             BINARY_INTEGER,
   offset   IN             INTEGER,
   buffer   IN             VARCHAR2 CHARACTER SET lob_loc%CHARSET); 

Parameters

Exceptions

Usage Notes

There is an error if the input amount is more than the data in the buffer. If the input amount is less than the data in the buffer, then only amount bytes or characters from the buffer is written to the LOB. If the offset you specify is beyond the end of the data currently in the LOB, then zero-byte fillers or spaces are inserted in the BLOB or CLOB respectively.

The form of the VARCHAR2 buffer must match the form of the CLOB parameter. In other words, if the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

When calling DBMS_LOB.WRITE from the client (for example, in a BEGIN/END block from within SQL*Plus), the buffer must contain data in the client's character set. The database converts the client-side buffer to the server's character set before it writes the buffer data to the LOB.

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.

---

WRITEAPPEND Procedures

This procedure writes a specified amount of data to the end of an internal LOB. The data is written from the buffer parameter.

Syntax

DBMS_LOB.WRITEAPPEND (
   lob_loc IN OUT NOCOPY BLOB, 
   amount  IN            BINARY_INTEGER, 
   buffer  IN            RAW); 

DBMS_LOB.WRITEAPPEND (
   lob_loc IN OUT NOCOPY CLOB CHARACTER SET ANY_CS, 
   amount  IN            BINARY_INTEGER, 
   buffer  IN            VARCHAR2 CHARACTER SET lob_loc%CHARSET); 

Parameters

Usage Notes

There is an error if the input amount is more than the data in the buffer. If the input amount is less than the data in the buffer, then only amount bytes or characters from the buffer are written to the end of the LOB.

Exceptions

Usage Notes

The form of the VARCHAR2 buffer must match the form of the CLOB parameter. In other words, if the input LOB parameter is of type NCLOB, then the buffer must contain NCHAR data. Conversely, if the input LOB parameter is of type CLOB, then the buffer must contain CHAR data.

When calling DBMS_LOB.WRITEAPPEND from the client (for example, in a BEGIN/END block from within SQL*Plus), the buffer must contain data in the client's character set. The database converts the client-side buffer to the server's character set before it writes the buffer data to the LOB.

It is not mandatory that you wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close APIs. If you did not open the LOB before performing the operation, the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column are updated during the call. However, if you opened the LOB before performing the operation, you must close it before you commit or rollback the transaction. When an internal LOB is closed, it updates the functional and domain indexes on the LOB column.

If you do not wrap the LOB operation inside the Open/Close API, the functional and domain indexes are updated each time you write to the LOB. This can adversely affect performance. Therefore, it is recommended that you enclose write operations to the LOB within the OPEN or CLOSE statement.